Probably the most famous thing that GK Chesterton never said was that:When people stop believing in God, they don't believe in nothing - they believe in anything.Even if he never did say those words, the quote clearly strikes a chord with a lot of people. The meme has legs.
But is it true? A lot of people these days are moving away from traditional religions into various kinds of 'New Age' beliefs. Are they really more delusional than the religious - and how do they compare to atheists, for that matter.
This new study comes from Queensland, Australia. They've been following a bunch of kids since they were born in the early 80s. They were 21 years old at the last assessment - which is where these data are from.
Basically, they just asked them two simple questions: "Do you believe in God?" (Yes/No/Unsure), and "Do you believe in a higher power?" (Yes/No/Unsure). This latter group they designated 'New Agers". They also asked them a standard battery of questions about delusional beliefs.
The good news for atheists is that they scored lower for delusional beliefs than either the religious or the New Agers.
The graph up top is not particularly easy to understand! So let me talk you through it. What it shows is the relative probability (compared to atheists) of agreeing with a delusional statement for the religious and the New Agers. The probabilities are more interesting than the raw data because they are adjusted for demographic differences between the two groups (including drug use).
There were 21 statements in the test - I've pulled out all the ones where the religious were significantly worse than the atheists, plus a few more that were interesting.
Overall, the New Agers were more delusional than the Religious. That was particularly true for belief in witchcraft and telepathy (not shown in the graph). But the New Agers were also more likely to think that people are not what they seem, that they are being persecuted, that electrical devices like computers can control their thoughts, and that their thoughts are 'echoed back'.
But the religious, while scoring lower overall than the New Agers (although still worse than the atheists) have their own delusions. It's probably not surprising, given the nature of their religious upbringing (an even mix of Catholics and Protestants, with a smattering of other religions), that they're more likely to believe in an imminent apocalypse and also that they are wretched sinners. Neither of these strike me as particularly healthy beliefs.
Bizarrely enough, however, they also are more likely to think that things in print and on TV have been written especially for them. And, although they score lower than the New Agers, they're more likely than atheists to think that their thoughts are echoed back to them.
What to make of all this? Well, this is yet another cross-sectional study, so causality is hard to pin down. Some of the differences in beliefs (apocalypse, sinning, telepathy, witches) might well be a result of the different teachings.
In other words, if you drop out of organised religion but are suitably delusional, then then you might well switch to a belief in witches or telepathy.
But there probably is also some self selection going on. Religion struggles to be mainstream. If you're too wacky, you may find it hard to fit in - and so end up as part of the 'New Age'. But if you're not wacky enough, you simply transition to atheism.
But what about the two delusions shared by the religious and New Agers? 'Thought echo' is a classic form of auditory hallucination in which you can hear your own thoughts being spoken back to you, either instantaneously or a moment or two later.
Perhaps this is linked to the delusion that make people think the TV announcer is talking specially to them? Perhaps they're hearing their own thoughts in some way? Is this a pointer to a fundamental motivator for religious beliefs?
Fans of Julian Jaynes' The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind will be intrigued! (Thanks to David Holmes for reminding recently me of Jaynes' remarkable book).
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Aird, R., Scott, J., McGrath, J., Najman, J., & Al Mamun, A. (2009). Is the New Age phenomenon connected to delusion-like experiences? Analysis of survey data from Australia. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 1-17 DOI: 10.1080/13674670903131843
This work by Tom Rees is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License.
I still don't understand the graph. Does the vertical line represent the level of atheist agreement with each statement? But then there's still no key for the horizontal axis (though I suppose it varies for each statement).
ReplyDeleteAlso, is my understanding correct that people who said they didn't believe in God, but believed in "a higher power", were the ones who were then classified as "New Age"? And the people who said no to both were classified as "atheist"?
This post has been linked for the HOT5 Daily 10/19/2009, at The Unreligious Right
ReplyDeleteFascinating. For someone like me, the results are disappointing but not surprising (I tend to *like* "New Age"-y people better than mainstream religious people, even if I think their respective ideas are equally whack).
ReplyDeleteA possible related hypothesis to the one about religious being more mainstream: As I learned in another Epiphenom post, there is a demonstrably correlation between religiosity and an authoritarian mindset. It pains me to type this, but it is probably true that "the authorities" are right more often than they are wrong. Or more directly, if the only two epistemologies one has to choose from are "believe everything the authorities tell you" and "reject everything the authorities tell you", the former is going to tend to access the truth more frequently than the latter.
Of course, that wouldn't explain delusions like the "thoughts feeding back," but e.g. the one about electronic devices influencing thoughts could be related to this. Someone with an authoritarian mindset would presumably be more likely to believe it when the "experts" say that such nonsense is impossible.
I dunno, I'm an engineer, so I like to randomly speculate instead of actually doing the legwork of understanding data ;) /end of random speculation.
William, the graph shows whether a New Ager (or religious person) is more likely or less likely to agree with each statement than an atheist. What I've plotted is actually called the odd ratio. The scale goes up to 250%.
ReplyDeleteSo the religious are 60% more likely than an atheist to agree to the statement that "Things in magazines or on TV are written especially for you", and New Agers 50% more likely.
In terms of raw numbers, 19% of people who believed in god, and 20% of people who believed in a higher power agreed with the statement. But the Odds Ratio calculation adjusts these for a number of factors.
Neither of these strike me as particularly healthy beliefs.
ReplyDeleteYou may be wrong. See Robin Hanson's post here.